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Provider of International Standards, and of Biomedical Products and Services
Provider of International Standards, and of Biomedical Products and Services
Immunofixation Electrophoresis, Blood and Urine
Metonym: IFE
Essay sample: Serum and/or urine
Essay description and associated physiology
Immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE) is a qualitative technique that provides a detailed separation of person immunoglobulins according to their electrical charges. Defects are revealed by interchanges created in the person bands, such as displacement, color, or absence of color. Urine IFE has replaced the Bence Jones screening essay for light chains. IFE has replaced immunoelectrophoresis because it is more sensitive and easier to interpret.
What are the denotations?
Support in the diagnosis of multiple myeloma and amyloidosis
Support in the diagnosis of suspected immunodeficiency
Support in the diagnosis of suspected immunoproliferative disorders, such as multiple myeloma and Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia
Identify biclonal or monoclonal gammopathies
Identify cryoglobulinemia
Supervise the effectualness of chemotherapy or radiation therapy
What does the essay result mean?
The normal reference value:
Essay results are interpreted by a pathologist. Normal placement and intensity of staining provide information about the immune globulin bands.
The result is diminished in:
IgA:
More information
Drugs that might increment immune globulin levels comprise asparaginase, cimetidine, and narcotics.
Drugs that might reduce immune globulin levels comprise dextran, oral contraceptives, methylprednisolone (eminent doses), and phenytoin.
Chemotherapy and radiation treatments might alter the width of the bands and make interpretation difficult.
Immunoglobulin E
Metonym: IgE
Essay sample: Serum
Essay description and associated physiology
Immune globulin E (IgE) is an antibody whose principal reaction is to allergic reactions and parasitic contagions. Most of the body’s IgE is bound to specialised tissue cells; minuscule is available in the circularising blood. IgE binds to the membrane of special granulocytes named basophiles in the circularising blood and mast cells in the tissues. Basophile and mast cell membranes have receptors for IgE. Mast cells are abundant in the skin and the tissues lining the respiratory and alimentary tracts. When IgE antibody becomes cross-linked with antigen/allergen, the release of histamine, heparin, and other chemicals from the granules in the cells is triggered. A sequence of events follows activation of IgE that impacts smooth musculus contraction, vascular permeability, and incendiary reactions. The incendiary reaction allows proteins from the bloodstream to enter the tissues. Helminths (worm parasites) are particularly susceptible to immune globulin-mediated cytotoxic chemicals. The incendiary reaction proteins attract macrophages from the circulatory system and granulocytes, such as eosinophiles, from circulation and bone marrow. Eosinophiles as well contain enzymes effective against the parasitic invaders.
What are the denotations?
Support in the evaluation of allergy and parasitic contagion
What does the essay result mean?
The normal reference value could be found on the lab report.
The result is expanded in:
Conditions regarding allergic reactions or contagions that stimulate the creation of IgE.
More information
Drugs that might render a reduction in IgE levels comprise phenytoin and tryptophan.
Penicillin G has been associated with expanded IgE levels in some patients with drug-induced acute interstitial nephritis.
Normal IgE levels do not eliminate allergic disorders as an imaginable diagnosis.
Immunoglobulins A, D, G, and M
Metonym: IgA, IgD, IgG, and IgM
Essay sample: Serum
Essay description and associated physiology
Immunoglobulins A, D, E, G, and M are made by plasma cells in reaction to foreign particles. Immunoglobulins neutralize toxic substances, support phagocytosis, and destruct invading microorganisms. They are made up of heavy and light chains. Immunoglobulins created by the proliferation of a single plasma cell (clone) are named monoclonal. Polyclonal increments result when multiple cell lines create an antibody. IgA is found primarily in secretions such as tears, saliva, and breast milk. It is conceived to protect mucous membranes from viruses and bacteria. The function of IgD is not well understood. For details on IgE, see the monograph titled “immune globulin E.” IgG is the predominant serum immune globulin and is important in semipermanent defence against disease. It is the solely antibody that crosses the placenta. IgM is the largest immune globulin, and it is the first antibody to react to an antigenic stimulus. IgM as well forms natural antibodies, such as ABO blood group antibodies. The attendance of IgM in cord blood is a denotation of inborn contagion.
What are the denotations?
Support in the diagnosis of multiple myeloma
Assess humoral immunity status
Supervise therapy for multiple myeloma
IgA: assess patients suspected of IgA insufficiency prior to transfusion. Assess anaphylaxis associated with the transfusion of blood and blood products (anti-IgA antibodies might develop in patients with low-pitched levels of IgA, potentially resulting in anaphylaxis when donated blood is transfused)
What does the essay result mean?
The normal reference value could be found on the lab report.
The result is diminished in:
IgA:
More information
Drugs that might increment immune globulin levels comprise asparaginase, cimetidine, and narcotics.
Drugs that might reduce immune globulin levels comprise dextran, oral contraceptives, methylprednisolone (eminent doses), and phenytoin.
Chemotherapy, immunosuppressive therapy, and radiation treatments reduce immune globulin levels.
Metonym: IFE
Essay sample: Serum and/or urine
Essay description and associated physiology
Immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE) is a qualitative technique that provides a detailed separation of person immunoglobulins according to their electrical charges. Defects are revealed by interchanges created in the person bands, such as displacement, color, or absence of color. Urine IFE has replaced the Bence Jones screening essay for light chains. IFE has replaced immunoelectrophoresis because it is more sensitive and easier to interpret.
What are the denotations?
Support in the diagnosis of multiple myeloma and amyloidosis
Support in the diagnosis of suspected immunodeficiency
Support in the diagnosis of suspected immunoproliferative disorders, such as multiple myeloma and Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia
Identify biclonal or monoclonal gammopathies
Identify cryoglobulinemia
Supervise the effectualness of chemotherapy or radiation therapy
What does the essay result mean?
The normal reference value:
Essay results are interpreted by a pathologist. Normal placement and intensity of staining provide information about the immune globulin bands.
The result is diminished in:
IgA:
- Ataxia-telangiectasia
- Chronic sinopulmonary disease
- Genetic IgA insufficiency
- Genetic IgD insufficiency
- Malignant melanoma of the skin
- Pre-eclampsia
- Burns
- Genetic IgG insufficiency
- Nephrotic syndrome
- Pregnancy
- Burns
- Secondary IgM insufficiency associated with IgG or IgA gammopathies
More information
Drugs that might increment immune globulin levels comprise asparaginase, cimetidine, and narcotics.
Drugs that might reduce immune globulin levels comprise dextran, oral contraceptives, methylprednisolone (eminent doses), and phenytoin.
Chemotherapy and radiation treatments might alter the width of the bands and make interpretation difficult.
Immunoglobulin E
Metonym: IgE
Essay sample: Serum
Essay description and associated physiology
Immune globulin E (IgE) is an antibody whose principal reaction is to allergic reactions and parasitic contagions. Most of the body’s IgE is bound to specialised tissue cells; minuscule is available in the circularising blood. IgE binds to the membrane of special granulocytes named basophiles in the circularising blood and mast cells in the tissues. Basophile and mast cell membranes have receptors for IgE. Mast cells are abundant in the skin and the tissues lining the respiratory and alimentary tracts. When IgE antibody becomes cross-linked with antigen/allergen, the release of histamine, heparin, and other chemicals from the granules in the cells is triggered. A sequence of events follows activation of IgE that impacts smooth musculus contraction, vascular permeability, and incendiary reactions. The incendiary reaction allows proteins from the bloodstream to enter the tissues. Helminths (worm parasites) are particularly susceptible to immune globulin-mediated cytotoxic chemicals. The incendiary reaction proteins attract macrophages from the circulatory system and granulocytes, such as eosinophiles, from circulation and bone marrow. Eosinophiles as well contain enzymes effective against the parasitic invaders.
What are the denotations?
Support in the evaluation of allergy and parasitic contagion
What does the essay result mean?
The normal reference value could be found on the lab report.
The result is expanded in:
Conditions regarding allergic reactions or contagions that stimulate the creation of IgE.
- Alcoholism (Alcohol might play a role in the development of environmentally instigated IgE mediated hypersensitivity)
- Allergy
- Asthma
- Bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
- Dermatitis
- Eczema
- Hay febricity
- IgE myeloma
- Parasitic infestation
- Rhinitis
- Sinusitis
- Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
- Advanced carcinoma (generalised reduction in immune system reaction)
- Agammaglobulinemia (associated with diminished creation)
- Ataxia-telangiectasia (Familial immunodeficiency disorder)
- IgE insufficiency
More information
Drugs that might render a reduction in IgE levels comprise phenytoin and tryptophan.
Penicillin G has been associated with expanded IgE levels in some patients with drug-induced acute interstitial nephritis.
Normal IgE levels do not eliminate allergic disorders as an imaginable diagnosis.
Immunoglobulins A, D, G, and M
Metonym: IgA, IgD, IgG, and IgM
Essay sample: Serum
Essay description and associated physiology
Immunoglobulins A, D, E, G, and M are made by plasma cells in reaction to foreign particles. Immunoglobulins neutralize toxic substances, support phagocytosis, and destruct invading microorganisms. They are made up of heavy and light chains. Immunoglobulins created by the proliferation of a single plasma cell (clone) are named monoclonal. Polyclonal increments result when multiple cell lines create an antibody. IgA is found primarily in secretions such as tears, saliva, and breast milk. It is conceived to protect mucous membranes from viruses and bacteria. The function of IgD is not well understood. For details on IgE, see the monograph titled “immune globulin E.” IgG is the predominant serum immune globulin and is important in semipermanent defence against disease. It is the solely antibody that crosses the placenta. IgM is the largest immune globulin, and it is the first antibody to react to an antigenic stimulus. IgM as well forms natural antibodies, such as ABO blood group antibodies. The attendance of IgM in cord blood is a denotation of inborn contagion.
What are the denotations?
Support in the diagnosis of multiple myeloma
Assess humoral immunity status
Supervise therapy for multiple myeloma
IgA: assess patients suspected of IgA insufficiency prior to transfusion. Assess anaphylaxis associated with the transfusion of blood and blood products (anti-IgA antibodies might develop in patients with low-pitched levels of IgA, potentially resulting in anaphylaxis when donated blood is transfused)
What does the essay result mean?
The normal reference value could be found on the lab report.
The result is diminished in:
IgA:
- Ataxia-telangiectasia
- Chronic sinopulmonary disease
- Genetic IgA insufficiency
- Genetic IgD insufficiency
- Malignant melanoma of the skin
- Pre-eclampsia
- Burns
- Genetic IgG insufficiency
- Nephrotic syndrome
- Pregnancy
- Burns
- Secondary IgM insufficiency associated with IgG or IgA gammopathies
More information
Drugs that might increment immune globulin levels comprise asparaginase, cimetidine, and narcotics.
Drugs that might reduce immune globulin levels comprise dextran, oral contraceptives, methylprednisolone (eminent doses), and phenytoin.
Chemotherapy, immunosuppressive therapy, and radiation treatments reduce immune globulin levels.
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