Medibmls
Provider of International Standards, and of Biomedical Products and Services
Provider of International Standards, and of Biomedical Products and Services
Haemosiderin
Metonym: haemosiderin stain, Pappenheimer body stain, iron stain
Essay sample: Urine
Essay description and associated physiology
Haemosiderin stain is used to suggest the attendance of iron storage granules named haemosiderin by microscopic examination of urine sediment. Granules of haemosiderin stain blue when potassium ferrocyanide is added to the sample. Haemosiderin is commonly found in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow, but not in the urine. Under normal conditions, haemosiderin is immersed by the renal tubules; however, in extensive haematolysis, renal tubule harm, or an iron metabolism disorder, haemosiderin filters its way into the urine. The Prussian blue stain might as well be used to identify siderocytes (iron-containing red blood cells [red blood cells]) in peripheral blood. The attendance of siderocytes in circularising red blood cells is abnormal.
What are the denotations?
Support in the diagnosis of hemochromatosis (tissue harm induced by iron toxicity)
Notice extravagant red blood cell haematolysis within the systemic circulation
Assess renal tubule disfunction
What does the essay result mean?
The normal reference value: Prussian blue-stained specimen: none seen.
The result is expanded in:
Any condition that involves haematolysis will release haemoglobin from red blood cells into circulation. Haemoglobin is converted to haemosiderin in the renal tubular epithelial cells.
More information
Depending on the results of this process, additional essaying might be performed to assess or supervise advancement of the disease process and determine the need for a convert in therapy.
Hepatitis A Antibody
Metonym: HAV serology
Essay sample: Serum
Essay description and associated physiology
The hepatitis A virus is classified as a picornavirus. Its principal mode of transmission is by the faecal-oral route under conditions of poor personal hygiene or insufficient sanitation. The incubation period is about 28 days, with a range of 15 to 50 days. Onset is ordinarily abrupt, with the acute disease lasting about 1 week. Therapy is supportive, and there is no development of chronic or carrier states. Assays for total (immune globulin G and immune globulin M [IgM]) hepatitis A antibody and IgM-particular hepatitis A antibody support in differentiating recent contagion from prior exposure. If results from the IgM-particular or from both assays are positive, recent contagion is suspected. If the IgM-particular essay results are negative and the total antibody essay results are positive, past contagion is suggested. The clinically important assay-IgM-particular antibody-is oftentimes the solely essay requested. Jaundice happens in 70% to 80% of adult cases of HAV contagion and in 70% of pediatric cases.
What are the denotations?
Screen persons at eminent jeopardy of exposure, such as those in longterm residential facilities or correctional facilities
Screen persons with suspected HAV contagion
What does the essay result mean?
The normal reference value: negative.
The result:
Positive findings in:
More information
Depending on the results of this process, additional essaying might be performed to assess or supervise advancement of the disease process and determine the need for a convert in therapy.
Hepatitis B Antigen and Antibody
Metonym: HBeAg, HBeAb, HBcAb, HBsAb, HBsAg
Essay sample: Serum
Essay description and associated physiology
The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is classified as a double-stranded DNA retrovirus of the Hepadnaviridae family. Its principal modes of transmission are parenteral, perinatal, and sexual contact. Serological profiles vary with dissimilar scenarios (i.e., asymptomatic contagion, acute/resolved contagion, coinfection, and chronic carrier state). The constitution and detectability of markers are as well dose dependent. The following description refers to HBV contagion that becomes resolved. The incubation period is broadly 6 to 16 weeks. The hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is the first marker to appear after contagion. It is noticeable 8 to 12 weeks after exposure and oftentimes precedes symptoms. At about the time liver enzymes fall back to normal levels, the HBsAg titer has fallen to nondetectable levels. If the HBsAg remains noticeable after 6 months, the patient will probably become a chronic carrier who could transmit the virus. Hepatitis Be antigen (HBeAg) appears in the serum 10 to 12 wk after exposure. HBeAg could be found in the serum of patients with acute or chronic HBV contagion and is a sign of active viral replication and infectivity. Levels of hepatitis Be antibody (HBeAb) appear about 14 wk after exposure, suggesting resolution of the contagion and reduction of the patient’s capacity to transmit the disease. The more quickly HBeAg disappears, the shorter the acute phase of the contagion. Immune globulin M-particular hepatitis B core antibody (HBcAb) appears 6 to14 weeks after exposure to HBsAg and continues to be noticeable either until the contagion is resolved or over the life span in patients who are in a chronic carrier state. In some cases, HBcAb might be the merely noticeable marker; hence, its lone appearance has occasionally been referred to as the core window. HBcAb is not an indicator of recovery or immunity; however, it does suggest current or previous contagion. Hepatitis B surface antibody (HBsAb) appears 2 to 16 wk after HBsAg disappears. Appearance of HBsAb represents clinical recovery and immunity to the virus. Onset of HBV contagion is ordinarily insidious. Most minors and half of infected adults are asymptomatic. During the acute phase of contagion, symptoms range from mild to grievous. Chronicity diminishes with age. HBsAg and HBcAb essays are used to screen donated blood before transfusion. HBsAg essaying is oftentimes component of the routine antenatal screen. Vaccination of infants, minors, and young adults is becoming a standard of care and in some cases a requirement.
What are the denotations?
Notice exposure to HBV
Notice imaginable carrier status
Pre- and postvaccination essaying
Routine antenatal essaying
Screen donated blood before transfusion
Screen for persons at eminent jeopardy of exposure, such as haemodialysis patients, persons with multiple sex partners, persons with a history of other sexually transmitted disorders, IV drug abusers, infants born to infected mothers, persons residing in semipermanent residential facilities or correctional facilities, recipients of blood- or plasma-derived products, allied wellness care workers, and public service employees who come in contact with blood and blood products.
What does the essay result mean?
The normal reference value: negative.
The result:
Positive findings in:
More information
Drugs that might reduce HBeAb and HBsAb comprise interferon.
Metonym: haemosiderin stain, Pappenheimer body stain, iron stain
Essay sample: Urine
Essay description and associated physiology
Haemosiderin stain is used to suggest the attendance of iron storage granules named haemosiderin by microscopic examination of urine sediment. Granules of haemosiderin stain blue when potassium ferrocyanide is added to the sample. Haemosiderin is commonly found in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow, but not in the urine. Under normal conditions, haemosiderin is immersed by the renal tubules; however, in extensive haematolysis, renal tubule harm, or an iron metabolism disorder, haemosiderin filters its way into the urine. The Prussian blue stain might as well be used to identify siderocytes (iron-containing red blood cells [red blood cells]) in peripheral blood. The attendance of siderocytes in circularising red blood cells is abnormal.
What are the denotations?
Support in the diagnosis of hemochromatosis (tissue harm induced by iron toxicity)
Notice extravagant red blood cell haematolysis within the systemic circulation
Assess renal tubule disfunction
What does the essay result mean?
The normal reference value: Prussian blue-stained specimen: none seen.
The result is expanded in:
Any condition that involves haematolysis will release haemoglobin from red blood cells into circulation. Haemoglobin is converted to haemosiderin in the renal tubular epithelial cells.
- Burns
- Cold hemagglutinin disease
- Hemochromatosis
- Haemolytic transfusion reactions
- Mechanical injury to red blood cells
- Megaloblastic anaemia
- Microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia
- Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria
- Pernicious anaemia
- Sickle cell anaemia
- Thalassaemia principal
More information
Depending on the results of this process, additional essaying might be performed to assess or supervise advancement of the disease process and determine the need for a convert in therapy.
Hepatitis A Antibody
Metonym: HAV serology
Essay sample: Serum
Essay description and associated physiology
The hepatitis A virus is classified as a picornavirus. Its principal mode of transmission is by the faecal-oral route under conditions of poor personal hygiene or insufficient sanitation. The incubation period is about 28 days, with a range of 15 to 50 days. Onset is ordinarily abrupt, with the acute disease lasting about 1 week. Therapy is supportive, and there is no development of chronic or carrier states. Assays for total (immune globulin G and immune globulin M [IgM]) hepatitis A antibody and IgM-particular hepatitis A antibody support in differentiating recent contagion from prior exposure. If results from the IgM-particular or from both assays are positive, recent contagion is suspected. If the IgM-particular essay results are negative and the total antibody essay results are positive, past contagion is suggested. The clinically important assay-IgM-particular antibody-is oftentimes the solely essay requested. Jaundice happens in 70% to 80% of adult cases of HAV contagion and in 70% of pediatric cases.
What are the denotations?
Screen persons at eminent jeopardy of exposure, such as those in longterm residential facilities or correctional facilities
Screen persons with suspected HAV contagion
What does the essay result mean?
The normal reference value: negative.
The result:
Positive findings in:
- Persons with current hepatitis A contagion
- Persons with past hepatitis A contagion
More information
Depending on the results of this process, additional essaying might be performed to assess or supervise advancement of the disease process and determine the need for a convert in therapy.
Hepatitis B Antigen and Antibody
Metonym: HBeAg, HBeAb, HBcAb, HBsAb, HBsAg
Essay sample: Serum
Essay description and associated physiology
The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is classified as a double-stranded DNA retrovirus of the Hepadnaviridae family. Its principal modes of transmission are parenteral, perinatal, and sexual contact. Serological profiles vary with dissimilar scenarios (i.e., asymptomatic contagion, acute/resolved contagion, coinfection, and chronic carrier state). The constitution and detectability of markers are as well dose dependent. The following description refers to HBV contagion that becomes resolved. The incubation period is broadly 6 to 16 weeks. The hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is the first marker to appear after contagion. It is noticeable 8 to 12 weeks after exposure and oftentimes precedes symptoms. At about the time liver enzymes fall back to normal levels, the HBsAg titer has fallen to nondetectable levels. If the HBsAg remains noticeable after 6 months, the patient will probably become a chronic carrier who could transmit the virus. Hepatitis Be antigen (HBeAg) appears in the serum 10 to 12 wk after exposure. HBeAg could be found in the serum of patients with acute or chronic HBV contagion and is a sign of active viral replication and infectivity. Levels of hepatitis Be antibody (HBeAb) appear about 14 wk after exposure, suggesting resolution of the contagion and reduction of the patient’s capacity to transmit the disease. The more quickly HBeAg disappears, the shorter the acute phase of the contagion. Immune globulin M-particular hepatitis B core antibody (HBcAb) appears 6 to14 weeks after exposure to HBsAg and continues to be noticeable either until the contagion is resolved or over the life span in patients who are in a chronic carrier state. In some cases, HBcAb might be the merely noticeable marker; hence, its lone appearance has occasionally been referred to as the core window. HBcAb is not an indicator of recovery or immunity; however, it does suggest current or previous contagion. Hepatitis B surface antibody (HBsAb) appears 2 to 16 wk after HBsAg disappears. Appearance of HBsAb represents clinical recovery and immunity to the virus. Onset of HBV contagion is ordinarily insidious. Most minors and half of infected adults are asymptomatic. During the acute phase of contagion, symptoms range from mild to grievous. Chronicity diminishes with age. HBsAg and HBcAb essays are used to screen donated blood before transfusion. HBsAg essaying is oftentimes component of the routine antenatal screen. Vaccination of infants, minors, and young adults is becoming a standard of care and in some cases a requirement.
What are the denotations?
Notice exposure to HBV
Notice imaginable carrier status
Pre- and postvaccination essaying
Routine antenatal essaying
Screen donated blood before transfusion
Screen for persons at eminent jeopardy of exposure, such as haemodialysis patients, persons with multiple sex partners, persons with a history of other sexually transmitted disorders, IV drug abusers, infants born to infected mothers, persons residing in semipermanent residential facilities or correctional facilities, recipients of blood- or plasma-derived products, allied wellness care workers, and public service employees who come in contact with blood and blood products.
What does the essay result mean?
The normal reference value: negative.
The result:
Positive findings in:
- Patients currently infected with HBV
- Patients with a past HBV contagion
More information
Drugs that might reduce HBeAb and HBsAb comprise interferon.
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