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Provider of International Standards, and of Biomedical Products and Services
Provider of International Standards, and of Biomedical Products and Services
Aldosterone
Essay sample: Serum and/or plasma
Essay description and associated physiology
Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid secreted by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex in reaction to diminished serum sodium, diminished blood volume, and expanded serum potassium. Aldosterone increments sodium reabsorption in the renal tubules, resulting in potassium excretion and expanded water retention, blood volume, and blood pressure. A diversity of factors influence serum aldosterone levels, comprising sodium consumption, certain medications, and activity. This essay is of minuscule diagnostic value unless plasma renin activity is measured simultaneously. Patients with serum potassium less than 3.6 mEq/L and 24-hour urine potassium greater than 40 mEq/L fit the general criteria to essay for aldosteronism. Renin is low-pitched in principal aldosteronism and eminent in secondary aldosteronism. A ratio of plasma aldosterone to plasma renin activity greater than 50 is important. Ratios greater than 20 obtained after unchallenged screening might suggest the need for further evaluation with a sodium-loading protocol. A captopril protocol could be substituted for patients who might not tolerate the sodium-loading protocol.
What are the denotations?
To assess hypertension of not known render, particularly with hypokalemia not induced by diuretics
To investigate suspected hyperaldosteronism, as suggested by elevated levels
To investigate suspected hypoaldosteronism, as suggested by diminished levels
What does the essay result mean?
The normal reference value could be found on the lab report.
The result is expanded with diminished renin levels:
Principal hyperaldosteronism (overproduction due to abnormal adrenal secreter function):
More information
Upright body posture, stress, strenuous exercise, and late pregnancy could lead to expanded levels.
Recent radioactive scans or radiation within 1 week before the essay could interpose with essay results when radioimmunoassay is the essay method.
Diet could significantly impact results. A low-pitched-sodium diet could increment serum aldosterone, whereas an eminent-sodium diet could reduce levels. Diminished serum sodium and elevated serum potassium increment aldosterone excretion. Elevated serum sodium and diminished serum potassium suppress aldosterone excretion.
Alkaline Phosphatase and Isoenzymes
Metonym: Alk Phos, ALP, and fractionation, heat-stabile ALP
Essay sample: Serum and/or plasma
Essay description and associated physiology
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme found in the liver, in Kupffer cells lining the biliary pathway, and in bones, bowels, and placenta. Additional sources of ALP comprise the proximal tubules of the kidneys, pulmonary alveolar cells, germ cells, vascular bed, lactating mammary glands, and granulocytes of circularising blood. ALP is referred to as alkaline because it functions optimally at a pH of 9.0. This essay is most valuable for determining the attendance of liver or bone disease. Isoelectric focusing methods could identify 12 isoenzymes of ALP. Certain cancers create small-scale numbers of distinctive Regan and Nagao ALP isoenzymes. Elevations in three primary ALP isoenzymes, however, are of clinical significance: ALP1 of liver source, ALP2 of bone source, and ALP3 of intestinal source (commonly merely present in persons with blood types O and B). ALP levels vary by age and gender. Values in minors are higher than in adults because of the level of bone increment and development. An immunoassay method is available for measuring bone-particular ALP as an indicator of expanded bone turnover and oestrogen insufficiency in postmenopausal women.
What are the denotations?
To assess signs and symptoms of diverse disorders associated with elevated ALP levels, such as biliary obstruction, hepatobiliary disease, and bone disease, comprising malignant processes
To distinguish obstructive hepatobiliary pathway disorders from hepatocellular disease; greater elevations of ALP are seen in the former
To determine impacts of renal disease on bone metabolism
What does the essay result mean?
The normal reference value could be found on the lab report.
The result is expanded in:
More information
Hemolyzed specimens might render incorrectly elevated results.
Elevations of ALP might happen if the patient is nonfasting, ordinarily 2 to 4 hours after a fatty meal, and particularly if the patient is a Lewis-positive secretor of blood group B or O.
Allergen-Particular Immune Globulin E
Metonym: Allergen profile, radioallergosorbent essay (RAST).
Essay sample: Serum
Essay description and associated physiology
Allergen-particular immune globulin E (IgE) or a radioallergosorbent essay (RAST) is broadly requested for groups of allergens commonly acknowledged to incite an allergic reaction in the impacted person. The essay is based on the use of a radiolabeled anti-IgE reagent to notice IgE in the patient’s serum, created in reaction to particular allergens. The panels comprise allergens such as animal dander, antibiotics, dust, foods, grasses, insects, trees, mites, molds, venom, and weeds. Allergen essaying is valuable for evaluating the render of hay febricity, extrinsic asthma, atopic eczema, respiratory allergies, and potentially fatal reactions to insect venom, penicillin, and other drugs or chemicals. RAST is an alternative to skin essay anergy and provocation procedures, which could be inconvenient, painful, and potentially hazardous to patients.
What are the denotations?
To assess patients who refuse to submit to skin essaying or who have generalised dermatitis or other dermatopathic conditions
To supervise reaction to desensitisation procedures
To essay for allergens when skin essaying is inappropriate, such as in infants
To essay for allergens when there is an acknowledged history of allergic reaction to skin essaying
To essay for particular allergic sensitivity before initiating immunotherapy or desensitisation shots
To essay for particular allergic sensitivity when skin essaying is unreliable (patients taking long-acting antihistamines might have false negative skin essay)
What does the essay result mean?
The normal reference value could be found on the lab report.
The result is expanded in:
IgE is the antibody that primarily responds to conditions that stimulate an allergic reaction and elevations are expected
More information
Recent radioactive scans or radiation within 1 week of the essay could interpose with essay results when radioimmunoassay is the essay method.
Essay sample: Serum and/or plasma
Essay description and associated physiology
Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid secreted by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex in reaction to diminished serum sodium, diminished blood volume, and expanded serum potassium. Aldosterone increments sodium reabsorption in the renal tubules, resulting in potassium excretion and expanded water retention, blood volume, and blood pressure. A diversity of factors influence serum aldosterone levels, comprising sodium consumption, certain medications, and activity. This essay is of minuscule diagnostic value unless plasma renin activity is measured simultaneously. Patients with serum potassium less than 3.6 mEq/L and 24-hour urine potassium greater than 40 mEq/L fit the general criteria to essay for aldosteronism. Renin is low-pitched in principal aldosteronism and eminent in secondary aldosteronism. A ratio of plasma aldosterone to plasma renin activity greater than 50 is important. Ratios greater than 20 obtained after unchallenged screening might suggest the need for further evaluation with a sodium-loading protocol. A captopril protocol could be substituted for patients who might not tolerate the sodium-loading protocol.
What are the denotations?
To assess hypertension of not known render, particularly with hypokalemia not induced by diuretics
To investigate suspected hyperaldosteronism, as suggested by elevated levels
To investigate suspected hypoaldosteronism, as suggested by diminished levels
What does the essay result mean?
The normal reference value could be found on the lab report.
The result is expanded with diminished renin levels:
Principal hyperaldosteronism (overproduction due to abnormal adrenal secreter function):
- Adenomas (Conn’s syndrome)
- Bartter’s syndrome
- Cardiac failure
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
More information
Upright body posture, stress, strenuous exercise, and late pregnancy could lead to expanded levels.
Recent radioactive scans or radiation within 1 week before the essay could interpose with essay results when radioimmunoassay is the essay method.
Diet could significantly impact results. A low-pitched-sodium diet could increment serum aldosterone, whereas an eminent-sodium diet could reduce levels. Diminished serum sodium and elevated serum potassium increment aldosterone excretion. Elevated serum sodium and diminished serum potassium suppress aldosterone excretion.
Alkaline Phosphatase and Isoenzymes
Metonym: Alk Phos, ALP, and fractionation, heat-stabile ALP
Essay sample: Serum and/or plasma
Essay description and associated physiology
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme found in the liver, in Kupffer cells lining the biliary pathway, and in bones, bowels, and placenta. Additional sources of ALP comprise the proximal tubules of the kidneys, pulmonary alveolar cells, germ cells, vascular bed, lactating mammary glands, and granulocytes of circularising blood. ALP is referred to as alkaline because it functions optimally at a pH of 9.0. This essay is most valuable for determining the attendance of liver or bone disease. Isoelectric focusing methods could identify 12 isoenzymes of ALP. Certain cancers create small-scale numbers of distinctive Regan and Nagao ALP isoenzymes. Elevations in three primary ALP isoenzymes, however, are of clinical significance: ALP1 of liver source, ALP2 of bone source, and ALP3 of intestinal source (commonly merely present in persons with blood types O and B). ALP levels vary by age and gender. Values in minors are higher than in adults because of the level of bone increment and development. An immunoassay method is available for measuring bone-particular ALP as an indicator of expanded bone turnover and oestrogen insufficiency in postmenopausal women.
What are the denotations?
To assess signs and symptoms of diverse disorders associated with elevated ALP levels, such as biliary obstruction, hepatobiliary disease, and bone disease, comprising malignant processes
To distinguish obstructive hepatobiliary pathway disorders from hepatocellular disease; greater elevations of ALP are seen in the former
To determine impacts of renal disease on bone metabolism
What does the essay result mean?
The normal reference value could be found on the lab report.
The result is expanded in:
- Alkaline phosphatase is released from any damaged cell in which it is stored so disorders of the bone, biliary pathway, and liver that render cellular demolition manifest elevated alkaline phosphatase levels.
- Liver disease and Bone disease
- Anaemia (grievous)
- Celiac disease
- Folic acid insufficiency
- HIV-1 contagion
More information
Hemolyzed specimens might render incorrectly elevated results.
Elevations of ALP might happen if the patient is nonfasting, ordinarily 2 to 4 hours after a fatty meal, and particularly if the patient is a Lewis-positive secretor of blood group B or O.
Allergen-Particular Immune Globulin E
Metonym: Allergen profile, radioallergosorbent essay (RAST).
Essay sample: Serum
Essay description and associated physiology
Allergen-particular immune globulin E (IgE) or a radioallergosorbent essay (RAST) is broadly requested for groups of allergens commonly acknowledged to incite an allergic reaction in the impacted person. The essay is based on the use of a radiolabeled anti-IgE reagent to notice IgE in the patient’s serum, created in reaction to particular allergens. The panels comprise allergens such as animal dander, antibiotics, dust, foods, grasses, insects, trees, mites, molds, venom, and weeds. Allergen essaying is valuable for evaluating the render of hay febricity, extrinsic asthma, atopic eczema, respiratory allergies, and potentially fatal reactions to insect venom, penicillin, and other drugs or chemicals. RAST is an alternative to skin essay anergy and provocation procedures, which could be inconvenient, painful, and potentially hazardous to patients.
What are the denotations?
To assess patients who refuse to submit to skin essaying or who have generalised dermatitis or other dermatopathic conditions
To supervise reaction to desensitisation procedures
To essay for allergens when skin essaying is inappropriate, such as in infants
To essay for allergens when there is an acknowledged history of allergic reaction to skin essaying
To essay for particular allergic sensitivity before initiating immunotherapy or desensitisation shots
To essay for particular allergic sensitivity when skin essaying is unreliable (patients taking long-acting antihistamines might have false negative skin essay)
What does the essay result mean?
The normal reference value could be found on the lab report.
The result is expanded in:
IgE is the antibody that primarily responds to conditions that stimulate an allergic reaction and elevations are expected
- Allergic rhinitis
- Anaphylaxis
- Asthma (exogenous)
- Atopic dermatitis
- Asthma (endogenous)
- Pregnancy
- Radiation therapy
More information
Recent radioactive scans or radiation within 1 week of the essay could interpose with essay results when radioimmunoassay is the essay method.
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